Cherokee Indians Essay Example for Free

Cherokee Indians Essay The word Cherokee is believed to have evolved from a Choctaw word meaning â€Å"Cave People†. It was picked up and used by Europeans and eventually accepted the adopted by Cherokees in the form of Tsalagi or Jalagi. Traditionally, the people now known as Cherokee refer to themselves as aniyun-wiya, a name usually translated as â€Å"the Real People† sometimes â€Å"the Original People. † Cherokees’ have had a democratic government (Conley, Robert J. 2000). The Cherokees’ first experience with the invading white man was almost certainly a brief encounter with the deadly expeditionary force of Spanish explorer Hernando DeSoto in 1540. English colonial traders began to appear among the Cherokees around 1673. Such interactions produced some mixed marriages, usually between a white trader and a Cherokee woman. There were three main events during the 18th and 19th centuries: war with the colonist in 1711; epidemics of European disease (primarily smallpox); and the continual cession of land in 1775. The Cherokees were forced to sign one treaty after another with the new United States government, each one giving away more land to the new nation. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson planned to move all eastern Indians to a location west of the Mississippi River, and signed an agreement with the state of Georgia promising to accomplish that deed as soon as possible. Andrew Jackson actually set the so-called â€Å"Removal Process† in motion. Meantime the government had been oing everything in its power to convince Cherokees to move west voluntarily, and the first to do so were the faction known as Chickamaugans (Conley, Robert J. 2000). The history and traditions of the Cherokee Indians of the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries are inextricably linked to the history and traditions of the white southerners. Many facets of Cherokee lifestyle and other Indian tribes in the Southern United States were modified and adapted from white methodology. Aspects of those cultural features were rooted in Pre-Columbian traditions. The Celtic culture of people who colonized the Southern United States and the culture’s charcterictics were the catalyst of what was arguably the most pivotal event in American History, the War Between the States. Many respected scholars have argued that the Ante-bellum south was different than the north, in its lifestyles, philosophies, and more. The southern states and their populations were undeniably different in nearly every socioeconomic and political aspect from the northern states and their respective populations. The destinies of the white southerners and Indian were connected in many ways. They had a number of common interests, traditions, ideals and goals. Some of these similarities were chance; others were due to an intimate relationship developed over centuries of close contact, a relationship created by the dynamic elements in the Cherokee’s new familiarity with their white neighbors and their culture (Bullard, F. B. 1989). The Cherokee adopted some practices willingly, others were forced upon them and some were already in place in some form in their traditional culture. Charles Hudson speculates in his work that the Cherokee and other tribes adopted the measures of civilization in acquiescence to the inability of the Cherokee to compete militarily with the white populous. The Cherokee and other tribes had adopted the techniques and social concepts of white â€Å"civilization† long before they were encouraged to do so by whites and their military intimidation. For the Indian, all white men were a threat to their traditions and cultural tenets. Use of a caste system was a part of the Cherokees ‘social structures before contacts with whites. The white south created its own social caste system with white planters as the aristocracy and the African slave at the peon (Bullard, F. B. 1989). The colonists who settled in the south were different than their counterparts in the North. The main heritage of the southern colonists was the Celtic in contrast to the English heritage of the colonists who settled in the north. The Celtic heritage these southerner colonists brought to North America from Europe had a profound effect on their folkways as well as influencing their Indian neighbors. Traditional Cherokee lands had incorporated ass of Kentucky, much of Tennessee, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, North Carolina and a small part of Virginia and what is now West Virginia. The spatial proximity was one reason for the development of an identity with the Southern colonist and their institutions and traditions (Bullard, F. B. 1989). Indian agent for the United States, George Butler, commented that he felt the majority of the material progress in the Indian Territory was a result of slavery. The age of masters measured in the distribution in slaves provides evidence for the upward mobility of slavery for the Cherokee. The principal difference from the white south was the treatment of slaves in the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee avoided mistreatment of the slaves and Major Ridge’s wife Susanna would not even use the word â€Å"slave†. There are many indications that the Cherokee treated their slaves comparatively well, one former slave of Martin Vann, commented that â€Å"they the slaves had to be feed well, clothed well, and housed well to get the best labor attainable from them† (Bullard, F. B. 1989). The most common agents of change among the Cherokee lifestyle were resident traders, missionaries and government agents. The Cherokee Indians modified their traditions for many reasons, among these reasons were: to placate white politicians and land grabbers and reinforce the federal government policies, philanthropists who wanted to â€Å"civilize† them and most important of all voluntary adaptation in an effort to preserve at least some government policies (Bullard, F. B. 1989). Cherokee Indians religion: It would be a mistake to see these two Cherokee spirit worlds as heaven and hell. They are not defined as good and evil, although the one below is seen as tremendously chaotic. They are thought of simply as being opposed to one another. We live our lives between them in a constant state of precarious balance. This dangerous situation, although the most important aspect of life in this traditional Cherokee view is to maintain balance and harmony. If the Cherokees are Christian, they might be Methodist, Presbyterian, Unitarian, or other Christian denomination. Although the more traditional Cherokees is a large group of Cherokee Baptists. Cherokee Baptists attend what are called Indian churches, where they make use of the Cherokee language (Conley, Robert, J. 2000). Cherokee Indian tribes were one of the largest of five Native American tribes who settled in American Southeast portion of the country. The tribe came from the Iroquoian descent. The Cherokees’ actually lived in cabins made of logs instead of the stereotypical tee pee. Very strong tribe with several smaller sections, all lead by chiefs. This tribe was highly religious and spiritual. Around the 1800’s the Cherokee Indians began to adopt the culture that the white man brought to them. At this time they began to dress more European, and adopted many of their farming and building methods. In 1828 gold was discovered on the Cherokee’s land. This prompted the overtaking of their homes, and was forced out. They had been settled in Georgia for many years, but now they were being made to leave and find a new place to settle/live. This was the historically popular Trail of Tears, where men, women, and children had to pack up their belongings and find new homes, and marching a span of thousands of miles. Today’s Cherokees’ have a strong sense of pride in their heritage (Indians. org 2011). A Historical person during this time Was John Ross in which became principal chief of the Cherokee nation. In 1827, following the establishment of a government modeled on that of the United States. He presided over the nation during the apex of its development in the Southeast, the tragic Trail of Tears, and the subsequent rebuilding of the nation in Indian Territory, in present day. Accompanying his people on the â€Å"trail where they cried,† Ross experienced personal tragedy. His wife, Quatie, died of exposure after giving her only blanket to a sick child. Once in Indian Territory, Ross led the effort to establish farms, businesses, schools, and even colleges. Even though the Cherokee Nation was torn apart politically after the fight over the removal treaty, Ross clung to reins of power (Moulton, Gary E. 004). In conclusion, Although Cherokee Indians were a very diverse tribe and had very many different talents. They were very spitural and worshiped only one spirit and that was good spirit, and eventually followed christanity. Trail of Tears was a very emotional time for all Cherokee Indians the time when they were forced out and were here before anyone ever settled America. This time for Men, Women, and Children was a shame. My grand dad always take for granted what you have cause someone can take it away in an instant; as they did to the Indians.

Reproductive Cloning Technology Essays -- Biology Clone

Reproductive Cloning Cloning has become a major issue in our modern world, from moral, ethical, and religious concerns, to the problem of financial and government support. Human cloning is one of the most controversial topics, and because of this, many of the new important discoveries and beneficial technologies have been overlooked and ignored. Reproductive cloning technology may offer many new possibilities, including hope for endangered species, resources for human organ transplants, and answers to questions concerning cancer, inherited diseases, and aging. The research that led up to the ability to clone mammals started more than a century ago. From frogs to mice to sheep to humans, reproductive cloning promises many possibilities. Ever since the successful birth of Dolly on July 5, 1996, the scientific community as well as the public have been engulfed in the idea of reproductive cloning, its benefits, and its potential threats. This well-publicized event was a giant steppingstone in understanding and using the techniques of gene cloning and reproductive cloning. By using a technique known as Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, scientists at the Roslin Institute removed the nucleus from an oocyte (unfertilized egg), and then fused this newly enucleated cell with a donor cell (with complete nucleus). This new embryo was then implanted into the womb of a surrogate mother ewe. In total, out of 277 fused cells, 29 successfully developed into embryos, while only one of these resulted in a successful live birth (a total success rate of 0.4%) (Wong, 202). Dolly was the first living mammal to be cloned by this fast and accurate process of somatic cell nuclear transfer, but was by no means the first animal to be cloned. The first... ...s, Mark. â€Å"Gene Cloning,† 11 June, 2004 , Holmgrem Lab, 27 July, 2007, 7. â€Å"History Of Cloning,† John’s Cloning Page , 22 July, 2007, 8. Pellegrino, Edmund D., â€Å"Human Cloning and Human Dignity.† The President’s Council on Bioethics. 22 July 2007 9. "Cloning Fact Sheet." Human Genome Project Information. 29 Aug. 2006. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Human Genome Program. 27 July 2007 10. Love, Jamie, â€Å"The Cloning of Dolly.† Science Explained 27 November, 1997; 18 July, 2007 Reproductive Cloning Technology Essays -- Biology Clone Reproductive Cloning Cloning has become a major issue in our modern world, from moral, ethical, and religious concerns, to the problem of financial and government support. Human cloning is one of the most controversial topics, and because of this, many of the new important discoveries and beneficial technologies have been overlooked and ignored. Reproductive cloning technology may offer many new possibilities, including hope for endangered species, resources for human organ transplants, and answers to questions concerning cancer, inherited diseases, and aging. The research that led up to the ability to clone mammals started more than a century ago. From frogs to mice to sheep to humans, reproductive cloning promises many possibilities. Ever since the successful birth of Dolly on July 5, 1996, the scientific community as well as the public have been engulfed in the idea of reproductive cloning, its benefits, and its potential threats. This well-publicized event was a giant steppingstone in understanding and using the techniques of gene cloning and reproductive cloning. By using a technique known as Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, scientists at the Roslin Institute removed the nucleus from an oocyte (unfertilized egg), and then fused this newly enucleated cell with a donor cell (with complete nucleus). This new embryo was then implanted into the womb of a surrogate mother ewe. In total, out of 277 fused cells, 29 successfully developed into embryos, while only one of these resulted in a successful live birth (a total success rate of 0.4%) (Wong, 202). Dolly was the first living mammal to be cloned by this fast and accurate process of somatic cell nuclear transfer, but was by no means the first animal to be cloned. The first... ...s, Mark. â€Å"Gene Cloning,† 11 June, 2004 , Holmgrem Lab, 27 July, 2007, 7. â€Å"History Of Cloning,† John’s Cloning Page , 22 July, 2007, 8. Pellegrino, Edmund D., â€Å"Human Cloning and Human Dignity.† The President’s Council on Bioethics. 22 July 2007 9. "Cloning Fact Sheet." Human Genome Project Information. 29 Aug. 2006. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Human Genome Program. 27 July 2007 10. Love, Jamie, â€Å"The Cloning of Dolly.† Science Explained 27 November, 1997; 18 July, 2007

Conflict Resoluton in the Classroom

Running Head: INCORPORATING CONFLICT RESOLUTION 1 Incorporating Conflict Resolution Melinda McCray Concordia University INCORPORATING CONFLICT RESOLUTION 2 As an educator, it is important that I not only know how to effectively deliver the curriculum to my students, but to also be able to effectively manage my classroom. Managing the classroom is not just writing disciplinary referrals or assigning detentions, but also includes making the proactive decision to prevent and mitigate conflicts as they arise in the classroom. While all conflicts obviously cannot be prevented, teachers must be instrumental in guiding students to resolving their conflicts. Thomas Lickona (1991) touches on guiding students through conflicts. He writes, â€Å"even if students have the benefit of a conflict curriculum, social skill training†¦ many will still have trouble applying these learnings†¦ In these situations the teacher usually has three tasks: (1) Helping students understand†¦ (2) Helping students work out a fair solution†¦ and (3) Helping children practice the behavioral skills†¦. (294-295). While some of these suggestions may not be applicable to high school students in some instances, I think that Lickona’s suggestions have merit. In my classroom, I could certainly incorporate helping my students practice good behavioral skills. I would definitely focus on the moral aspects of discipline and behavior, because students can relate to how they would like to be treated, using the â€Å"what if† scenario. Morality of mind is always an incentive to encourage a child to behave in the proper way. Community involvement is not always that easy at my school, but using our parent liaison could be a step in that direction. Maybe the liaison could reach out to the parents when teachers cannot. Lickona(1991) suggests that observant teachers know the situations that trigger situations, (295) as one such teacher, using effective conflict resolution strategies such, one-on-one counsel, seating arrangements, and modeling good moral conduct is the way I plan to continue to resolve conflicts as they arise in my classroom and keep the classroom environment safe. References Lickona, T. (1991) â€Å"Educating for Character† How our schools can teach respect and responsibility. New York: NE Bantam Books

Transformational Leadership Impact on Team Performance Free Essay Example, 4000 words

The concept of leadership has been a central focus for most researchers for decades, with the most recent focus on leadership moving from traditional theories of leadership to the more modern transactional and transformational theories of leadership (Ozaralli, 2003). A lot of emphasis though has been placed on transformational leadership, which is viewed to be charismatic and visionary (Bass Stedlmeier, 1999), and has been theorized to influence the follower s performance motivation, sense of purpose, and self-awareness (Bass, 1985; Bass and Avolio, 1993). This view has been strongly supported by Bass, Daniel and Tucker (1992), who in their research analyzing university principals, found that transformational leadership not only had an impact on job satisfaction but also performance. Ozaralli (2003) who is investigating transformational leadership with respect to team effectiveness and leadership also concluded that transformative leadership strongly contributed to employee empower ment and team efficiency. Studies relating leadership styles to team effectiveness have consistently arrived at the same solution; that transformational leadership is a more determinant of effectiveness than are other leadership styles. For instance, Organ (1998) in his empirical analysis found that the relationship between role performance and transformational leadership was higher than that between role performance and transactional leadership. We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadership Impact on Team Performance or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Sosik, Avolio, and Khakai (1997) and Dione et al (2004) found similar results when relating the leadership styles to team effectiveness, where transformational leadership is deemed more influential and effective. The essence of transformational leadership rests on Bass and Stedlmeier (1999), Bass (1995) and Bass and Avolio (1993) theoretical constructs. Based on these researches, it can be noted that transformational leadership has four dimensions: these are Inspirational motivation, where the leader effectively communicates a vision.

Oil Drilling Essay examples - 1403 Words

Crude oil is black gold that has been even sought out even in the ancient times. The Chinese in the fourth century drilled 800 feet deep oil wells to burn the oil to produce salt. Oil has a long history. America’s has massive oil demands and off-shore drilling has become a temporary solution and scientist are trying to find alternative sources of energy that can last us a very long time. There are many disadvantages and hazards when it comes to offshore drilling. Theses disadvantages can affect the wildlife, animal population, marine environments, pollution and much more. With there being so many disadvantages for offshore drilling, why continue drilling? Oil that is spilled in the ocean water can kill. When oil is spilled, oil floats†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The focus on preening overrides all other natural behaviors; including feeding and evading predators, making the bird vulnerable to secondary health problems such as severe weight loss, anemia and dehydration.† (IBRRC) The only ones that survive are the one that are rescued by rescue workers. Oil suffocates fishes. If directly exposed to the oil, a mucous like film covers the body and gills. Crude oil has a toxic compound that is easily dissolved in fish tissue. One of the toxic compounds is Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH). Oil can cause abnormal development and deformities in fish larvae if they come in contact and can affect fish population. â€Å"Spills in rivers and streams disperse the oil by agitation and are similarly more toxic to fish.† (ehow) Oil rigs use drilling mud or drilling fluid, which is a toxic lubricant that is used in the process of drilling deep boreholes that will be drilled for oil and gas extraction. â€Å"Historically, contaminated and dirty mud was dumped in open pits, allowing the natural environment to become polluted.† (Smith, 2010) One drilling platform normally drills between seventy and one hundred wells and discharges more than 90,000 metric tons of drilling fluids and metal cuttings into the ocean.† (Oceana) Chemicals are poisonous to organisms. Plankton is the smallest organisms, that consist of bacteria, animals, Achaea, and plants and is a vital part in the food chain. These chemicals can affect theShow MoreRelatedOil Drilling and Pollution870 Words   |  3 Pages One way that drilling for oil destroys animals homes is that fossil fuels create carbon dioxide, and then that burned carbon dioxide goes into the atmosphere and then Global Warming is starting to melt the ice caps that animals live on. Also, drilling the new wells that we have to drill to get the oil, that makes the amount of land for the animals to make homes go down, and when the land amount goes down so does the length of the animals, like the polar bear, go down. The average length of the polarRead MoreAlaska Oil Drilling1301 Words   |  6 Pagesdegradation. An example that sheds light on the conflict between human interests and environmental responsibility is the controversial approval of the oil drilling in the Northern Slope region of Alaska and the drilling that has already began, in the Tar Sands of Alberta. In this paper I will firstly explain the situation regarding why the drilling for oil is up for debate to take place. Secondly I will assess the benefits and the irreparable damage that could possibly bring forth devastating effectsRead MoreArctic Oil Drilling1508 Words   |  7 Pagesevery month or so as a result of the scarcity of oil. Some people just shrug the price increas e off and cope with it, but the economic effect is far greater than it first appears. As the price of oil increases, so does the price of all other products that are transported. There is, however, an opportunity for the United States to increase the supply of available crude oil by drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The idea of drilling in the Arctic has been controversial and to the presentRead MoreThe Disadvantages Of Oil Drilling Offshore2181 Words   |  9 Pages The Disadvantages of Oil Drilling In Environmentally Sensitive Areas In The United States Oil drilling in environmentally sensitive areas in the United States had been an ongoing controversial problem for a very long time. There are so many opinions along with outlooks on the present topic. Many people are against oil drilling offshore because of the issues that it creates. However, there are many critics that agree with drilling in environmentally sensitive areas because they do not worry aboutRead MoreOffshore Oil Drilling2928 Words   |  12 Pageslife? Some people do, and when people are offshore drilling they can cause a lot of problems if something goes wrong. The biggest concern by environmentalist is not a spill, but the pollution of the air and water, damage to the ocean bottom and debris that washes ashore from day-to-day operations of oil and gas rigs. Oil Drilling can lead to jobs being endangered, animals dying, and damaging the eco system. So many animals are dying because of the oil in the water. Proofread to- Government wildlifeRead MoreThe Deepwater Hor izon Is An Oil Drilling Rig1661 Words   |  7 PagesThe Deepwater Horizon is an oil drilling rig that was built in South Korea by Hyundai Heavy Industries in 2001. The rig was a massive mobile drill as it was measured to be â€Å"396 by 256 feet† (Report). Additionally, it was considered to be an exploratory rig, not an actual excavator rig. The rig was commissioned to Transocean which later leased it to British Petroleum, an oil and gas company. The oil rig was once well known as â€Å"it set the world record for the deepest oil and gas well †¦ 35,055 feet†Read MoreFshore Oil Drilling Job1229 Words   |  5 Pagesconveys ideas and information through communication using four of its major functions such as â€Å"control, motivation, emotional expression and information† (p. 299). The offshore oil-drilling job is complex and needs engineering expertise. BP had undertaken deep-water oil drilling at the Macondo well using the Transocean offshore oil rig. It is expected that BP and its partner, Halliburton, Transocean needed detailed collaborative communication plan across between all the parties. Let us examine some ofRead MoreOffshore Oil Drilling On The Environment1474 Words   |  6 PagesOffshore Oil Drilling â€Å"If we do nothing, it doesn t matter how we feel. And that’s exactly what oil companies are banking on: out of sight, out of mind† (Hart, 24). Petroleum is a naturally occurring oil found under deep layers of rock (â€Å"oil drilling†). Oil drilling is when a pipe penetrates through these several layers of rock in order to reach the petroleum oil underneath. This oil can then be purified or turned into gasoline for energy use. Offshore oil drilling, like its’ name describes, isRead MoreThe Global Spread Of Oil Drilling2565 Words   |  11 Pages2016 Oil Drilling The global spread of oil drilling is connected to the reasons why oil was first exploited in the first place; it was plentiful, it had the highest energy density per weight, it was not already being exploited. Chief to the purpose of this paper on oil drilling lies in the words was and had. The fact that those words are in the past, and the idea that things superior to oil have come along, is something that needs to be brought up more often. The fact is that oil, as a resourceRead MoreThe Arctic Oil Drilling Industry2148 Words   |  9 PagesArctic oil drilling industry can be seen as one of the most driven economic gains and a step ahead for the country to become energy independence. Nonetheless, the price that comes with this gold liquor has shifted the country’s mission to harvest and provide a clean, eco-friendly energy. The continuous drilling processes come with negative impacts towards the areas involved: in this case, The Chukchi Sea, The Beaufort Sea and The Arctic N ational Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). In order to sustain the oil drilling

Essay on Reaching for a Dream in Literature - 1381 Words

Selfish Dream Everyone has their dreams and whoever puts all his or her efforts and determination in pursuing that goal is the one who will succeed. However, there are dreamers who have misconceptions about the art of dreaming. In three pieces of literature I have encountered: â€Å"The Achievement of Desire† by Richard Rodriguez, â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry and â€Å"Fences† by August Wilson, its characters fight for their dreams regardless obstacles in their life. Nevertheless, they expose their sense of self-absorbance while seeking their dreams. Dreaming and aspiration are human senses, but when one considers his or her dream more important than the others, dreaming becomes another aspect of selfishness. In general, to fulfill†¦show more content†¦Blindingly pursuit his ideal life, most importantly, the man has lost his social skills which he assumes himself a â€Å"bad boy†. Even though the man has enough intellectual knowledge to get aware of his temporary problems, he does not make any changes. His selfishness dynamically expresses later on in adulthood. He admits that he is always unconfident, sad and anxious. Moreover, he develops a sense of disrespect to his parents. He makes fun at correct their grammar mistakes; He get sick of their constant encouragement; He is disgraceful parent because they can help him with his homework. The character obviously does nothing to compensate for his parent sacrifice. He is an outstanding student, but in the human sense, he fails to be an educated person. He once admits: â€Å"He cannot afford to admit his parents (How could he still and pursuit such a contrary life?). He permits himself embarrassment at their lack of educatio n† (Rodriquez 3). He may think that now with an excellent education, he is in a higher level than others including his parents. Therefore, he feels ashamed of them. Getting rejected from the society and suffering a state of loneliness are a pricey cost of success that Richard Rodriquez’s character decides to take. People expose the selfishness when they dismiss others’ aspiration base on their perspective. August Wilson’sShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1278 Words   |  6 Pageswhen it was first released it has made up for lost time and is now one of the greatest classics in American literature and being read in classrooms all across the United States. What actually denotes a book as a classic or great, though? In my opinion, a lot of it has to do with what a person needs at the time. According to James L. W. West III, leading Fitzgerald scholar and English literature professor at Pennsylvania State University, â€Å"[Gatsby] never seems to lose its modernity; it has that kindRead MoreEssay about Symbols of a Worn Path679 Words   |  3 PagesSymbols of A Worn Path Mitchell Davis Freshmen Comp Critical Literature-Based Essay Friday, March 12, 2009 Symbols of A Worn Path Phoenix Jackson; an old negro woman that partakes on a journey to take medicine to her sick nephew that is off in another town. Phoenix is old and through the story there are many accounts that I think are symbolic to being of age. Being one with nature Phoenix Jackson is determined to travel through the forest to tend to her sick nephew. The story itselfRead MoreSymbols in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby is one of the most read pieces of literature throughout the current modern Western world. High school kids all across the globe must learn and read it as part of their curriculum. One of the aspects that makes this novel so notable is that Fitzgerald, at no point in the story, needs to convey to his audience the theme of his novel directly. The main points of his novel are brought out by the powerful symbols he infuses in the book. Not only does he use them to convey his themeRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And Harlem By Langston Hughes1089 Words   |  5 Pagesroaring 20’s was an astounding time in the history of the United States of America. Many authors published novels, poems, and other works of literature to show their readers what it would be like to experience this time frame. Some examples of these works include The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzg erald and â€Å"Harlem† by Langston Hughes. Both of these pieces of literature include literary elements to appeal to the reader’s senses and imagination. A prevalent theme that has been found in works of the roaringRead MoreAnalysis Of The Jungle And Good Enough By Upton Sinclair1567 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s modern era, worldwide immigration has increased at historic rates, leading to the inevitable evolution of the challenges immigrants face after arriving to a new country. The analyzation of immigration literature gives readers valuable insight into the lives of immigrants and the hardships they face. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair follows the lives of a Lithuanian immigrant family in the early 20th century as they strive to attain success by working in the meatpacking industry of PackingtownRead MoreMen in The Sun, A Review Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesGhassan Kanafani is one of the famous Arab writers who represent resistance literature. His writin g was mainly devoted to depict the struggle of his people and ignite new resistance acts against Israeli forces of occupation. The writer affirmed the strong determination of the Palestinian people to liberate their occupied lands whatever the cost would be. Kanafani was a writer and journalist from Acre, the editor of al-Hadaf. A member of the Political Bureau of PFLP and its spokesperson, he publishedRead MoreNegative Capability within Kubla Khan Essay1029 Words   |  5 PagesThere are a myriad of critical theory lenses that can be applied and utilized to closely observe pieces of literature. One of these theories is John Keats’s Negative Capability theory which consists of an idea of â€Å"†¦when man is capable of being in uncertainties, Mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact reason†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Keats 968). Ultimately, this signifies that in poetry the emphasis be placed on the significance of inquisitiveness and the asking of questions o f the life and sceneryRead MoreApplication For Admission At Kent State University1077 Words   |  5 Pagesearning my Master’s Degree in English and Comparative Literature from Tours University in France, I worked for nine years as an English and English as a second language instructor in higher and secondary education institutions in France, the Middle East and in the state of Ohio. Now I have decided to take my professional career to another level by undertaking a doctoral program that will prepare and capacitate me to teach English language and literature in higher education institutions. The decisionRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Critical Analysis1479 Words   |  6 Pagessees them not only while he is awake, but also in his slumber. Bromden alerts the reader of a dream that he had, in which a death of a patient occurs, the dream becomes a reality later on when the same patient is found dead. The hallucinations and dreams can help to better understand Chief Bromden’s character from looking at Sigmund Freud’s â€Å"Interpretation of Dreams†. By looking at the content of one’s dreams it can be a good indication of an individual s mental stability. Bromden’s thoughts and motivationsRead MoreAmerican Literature in the Period between 1914-1945887 Words   |  4 Pagesdance, and music, and also literature. The American literary of the 1914’s-1945 modern era became a reflection of a nation attempting to come to terms of what it really meant to be of modernity. First, there was a time period when America was prosperous with the growing new innovations that shaped America to today’s foundation. America has also faced the tremendous downfalls such as the Great Depression, greatly impacted Americans’ outlook on â€Å"reaching† the American dream. Gregory Rodriguez stated

Accounting Practices

Question: Write a report on the accounting practices related to the determination of the compensation packages and audit. Answer: Introduction This report is on the discussion regarding the accounting practices related to the determination of the compensation packages and audit. The report is divided in to two parts. In the first part, the report focuses on the compensation package and relates the discussion with the case study of Strong Built Construction Company. On the other side, the second part of the report focuses mainly on two previous research papers and makes the discussion based on finding of those two research papers. At the end of the study, an overall conclusion is given. Elements of compensation packages A package of compensation in an organization includes some key elements. In case of the organization that is Strong Built Construction Company, the key elements of the compensation packages of the employees are as under: Basic Salary: It is the most important element of a compensation package within a company. It is the compensation, which Strong Built Construction Company provides its employees for their daily efforts. This portion of the compensation package depends on the ability, experience and skills of the employees (Taylor, 2016). Incentives: Another key element of the compensation package of the employees of Strong Built is incentive. The company generally pays the incentive for long-term basis. This element of the compensation package plays a vital role in motivating the employees. Employee benefits: This element of compensation package includes different insurance plans for the employees like, health insurance, disability insurance or life insurance and at the same time, it also includes the catastrophic expenses. Along with these, different types of pension and savings plans are also included (Tornikoski, Suutari Festing, 2014). Annual bonus: This element of compensation package is given by the company on the basis of the annual profit or income earned by the company. This is another motivational factor for the employees. Assumptions of traditional agency theory and its influences on compensation As per the traditional agency theory, there are mainly two key assumptions based on which the traditional agency theory has been built. These two key assumptions are as under: The interests of the principals are morally acceptable for all the time In order to fulfill the own interests, the managers of the organizations must act unethically These above-mentioned two key assumptions of traditional agency theory have great influence on the approaches to the compensation of the company. The assumptions of the traditional agency theory clearly indicate that there is a conflict between the interests of the principal or the shareholders and the agents or the managers or employees (Foss Stea, 2014). These assumptions actually influence both the parties (shareholders and managers) in increasing the level of compensation. In case of Strong Built Construction Company, the managers want to build such a compensation approach in which their annual bonus will be higher, when the company is earning good amount of profit (Pepper Gore, 2015). However, on the other side, the shareholders or principals or owners of the company wants to pay less annual bonus so that their portion of profit becomes high. Difference and relationship between extrinsic and intrinsic motivations The main difference between the extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation is that in case of extrinsic motivation, individuals are motivated by the external factors like, medal, grades, money or trophy (Taylor, 2016). There is no guarantee that the extrinsic motivation gives actual fun or enjoyment to the individuals. Sometimes, the individuals are motivated by extrinsic motivational factors just to achieve an outcome that is considered as higher achievement by the society. On the other side, in case of the intrinsic motivation, the individuals are motivated by the internal factors like, interests and will of self-development. This type of motivation provides the actual enjoyment or fun to the individuals (Tornikoski, Suutari Festing, 2014). However, the relationship between these two motivations is that in both types of motivations, the individuals achieve something that helps in improvements of the individuals. Both of the motivations help to achieve something at a higher level. Therefore, if an individual tries to achieve something by focusing on both the extrinsic and intrinsic motivational factors, then he or she can achieve the goal properly and happily. Influence of employees attitude to risks on the desire of compensation package The attitude of the employee towards the risk actually has a great influence on his or her compensation package. In an organization like Strong Built Construction Company, there may be some employees are, those can take risk, some are risk aviator and some can take the risk to a moderate level. Therefore, in case of the risk taker employees, the compensation package is generally high because these employees take challenges and responsibilities (Bolton, Mehran and Shapiro, 2015). There are some activities, on which the future of the company depends but these are risky. Now, in case of risky decision, the company pays more benefits or extra payments to the employees because by taking more risk, the company can gain more profits or income, which increases the compensation package. On the other side, if the employees do not take risk, then there is no question of getting higher payment or extra benefits. Influence of time of receiving the financial benefits on the employees desire for benefits The time of receiving the financial benefits also influences the employees desire for getting the benefits (Hermanson et al. 2012). For example, if the Strong Built Construction Company pays the incentives to the managers or employees in long-term basis, then the employees will desire to get higher amount of money at a time. On the other side, if the company pays the incentives on year-to-year basis, then the employees will desire to get more compensation in each year due to the addition of incentive. However, in that case the total amount of incentive will be less. Role of fairness consideration in determination of compensation The consideration of fairness plays a vital role at the time of determining the compensation for the employees. In case of Strong Built Construction Company, the company must keep in mind that at the time of determining the compensation of the employees, it must be fair to each of the employees. The employees belong from same organizational position, must have same basic pay level. However, the company must consider the experience of the employee (Taylor, 2016). If an employee is more experienced than the others are, then that employee must get higher compensation than others must. At the same time, determination of the compensation also depends on the fairness of the employees towards the company. If the company identifies any unfair attitude of the employee, then it can deduct the money from the employees compensation (O'Reilly et al. 2014). Reason of providing benefits at the time of compensation determination An executive compensation committee is the authority, which acts on behalf of the boards responsibilities of providing or designing the compensation package for the employees (Tornikoski, Suutari Festing, 2014). However, this particular committee may provide the benefits to the employees of the organization at the time of determining the compensation for the employees. The executive compensation committee generally does this in order to motivate the employees to improve their level of performance. At the same time, if the committee identifies the performance of any employee above the standard level, then also the committee may provide benefits at the time of determining the compensation package. Structure of executive compensation committee for best outcomes As per the rules and guidelines provided by NYSE, all the companies those are listed on the stock exchange are required to form an executive compensation committee (Hermanson et al. 2012). However, in order to structure the executive compensation committee, at first, the company needs to consider the board of directors. The executive compensation committee includes the Chief Executive Director of the company along with the other executive officers. At the time of structuring the executive compensation committee, it must be kept in mind that no non-executive director should be included within the committee (Ims, Pedersen Zsolnai, 2014). This is because, the non-executive directors have their personal interests within the company. Conclusion and Recommendations From the above discussion, it can be said that there are mainly four key elements of a compensation package of a company. These elements are basic pay, annual bonus, long-term incentives and employee benefits. There is a conflict between the interests of the shareholders and managers of the company. On the other side, there are two types of motivations like, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation and these two differ from each other. However, both of these two motivations help to improve the performance of the individuals. In case of the compensation package of the employee, the time, fairness and employees attitude towards risk have vital influence. On the other side, the executive compensation committee decides the compensation package of the employees. Therefore, from these, it can be identified how the Strong Built Construction Company can determine the compensation of its employees for increasing the satisfaction and work motivation of the employees. The recommendations for Strong Built Compensation Committee are as under: The company must focus on the extrinsic and intrinsic motivation of the employees. However, these two motivational factors may change based on the nature of the employee. The company may include more elements to the compensation package of the employees. This will increase the value of the compensation package. Hence the job satisfaction and work motivation will come. The company must fix the time for paying the financial benefits to the employees. Either the company may provide the financial benefits in each month or in long-term basis, but it must be fixed. Reference List: Bolton, P., Mehran, H. and Shapiro, J., (2015). Executive compensation and risk taking.Review of Finance, 49 Foss, N Stea, D. (2014). 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